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Invincible-class battlecruiser
The three ''Invincible''-class battlecruisers were built for the Royal Navy and entered service in 1908 as the world's first battlecruisers.〔Osborne, p. 206〕 They were the brainchild of Admiral Sir John ("Jacky") Fisher, the man who had sponsored the construction of the world's first "all big gun" warship, . He visualised a new breed of warship, somewhere between the armoured cruiser and battleship; it would have the armament of the latter, but the high speed of the former. This combination would allow it to chase down most ships, while allowing it to run from more powerful designs.
This design philosophy would prove to be most successful when the ''Invincible''s were able to use their speed to run down smaller and weaker ships. The classic example was the Battle of the Falkland Islands where and sank the German armoured cruisers and virtually without loss to themselves despite numerous hits by the German ships. They were least successful when standing in the main line of battle where they faced enemy battleships. An example is the loss of ''Invincible'' to a magazine explosion during the Battle of Jutland, although this explosion owed more to flaws in British ammunition handling that exposed numerous cordite charges to the fire in 'Q' turret than any flaws in the design of the ship.〔Brown, pp. 165–67〕
The two surviving ships had an uneventful time for the rest of the war conducting patrols of the North Sea as the High Seas Fleet was forbidden to risk any more losses. They were put into reserve in early 1919 and sold for scrapping on 1 December 1921.
==Design==
After Admiral Fisher was appointed First Sea Lord on 21 October 1904 he pushed through the Board of Admiralty in early December 1904 a decision to arm the next armoured cruiser with guns and that it would have a speed no less than . Shortly afterwards he convened a "Committee on Designs" to investigate and report on requirements for future ships. While nominally independent it served to validate decisions already made and to deflect criticism of Fisher and the Board of Admiralty as it had no ability to consider options other than those already decided upon by the Admiralty. Fisher appointed all of the members of the Committee and himself as President of the Committee. During its last meeting on 22 February 1905 it decided on the outline design of the fast armoured cruiser. This, in turn, was approved by the Board on 16 March with only minor changes, such as the reduction in the anti-torpedo boat armament from twenty to eighteen 12-pdr guns.〔Roberts, pp. 18–20, 22–24〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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